La consciencia es un estado unificado de la mente, cualitativo y subjetivo. Una de cuyas formas más especiales es la autoconsciencia, que nos permite darnos cuenta de que nos damos cuenta y reflexionar sobre nuestros propios pensamientos. Esta consciencia dota al ser humano de la capacidad para interpretar el mundo y responder a él. Así, gracias a los qualia, tenemos la capacidad de comportarnos circunstancialmente. Es importante conocer los correlatos y las causas cerebrales que dan origen a la consciencia. Es (...) en la corteza cerebral donde radica la capacidad de ser consciente. Problema de la unidad de percepción: sincronización de neuronas o integración funcional. Sin embargo, el problema de la consciencia no consiste sólo en conocer su naturaleza, sino también en conocer cómo se produce la emergencia de la imaginación subjetiva, respuesta que actualmente no existe y que tampoco aportaría ninguna ventaja práctica a la especie. (shrink)

This volume has 41 chapters written to honor the 100th birthday of Mario Bunge. It celebrates the work of this influential Argentine/Canadian physicist and philosopher. Contributions show the value of Bunge’s science-informed philosophy and his systematic approach to philosophical problems. The chapters explore the exceptionally wide spectrum of Bunge’s contributions to: metaphysics, methodology and philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of physics, philosophy of psychology, philosophy of social science, philosophy of biology, philosophy of technology, moral philosophy, social and political (...) philosophy, medical philosophy, and education. The contributors include scholars from 16 countries. Bunge combines ontological realism with epistemological fallibilism. He believes that science provides the best and most warranted knowledge of the natural and social world, and that such knowledge is the only sound basis for moral decision making and social and political reform. Bunge argues for the unity of knowledge. In his eyes, science and philosophy constitute a fruitful and necessary partnership. Readers will discover the wisdom of this approach and will gain insight into the utility of cross-disciplinary scholarship. This anthology will appeal to researchers, students, and teachers in philosophy of science, social science, and liberal education programmes. 1. Introduction Section I. An Academic Vocation Section II. Philosophy Section III. Physics and Philosophy of Physics Section IV. Cognitive Science and Philosophy of Mind Section V. Sociology and Social Theory Section VI. Ethics and Political Philosophy Section VII. Biology and Philosophy of Biology Section VIII. Mathematics Section IX. Education Section X. Varia Section XI. Bibliography. (shrink)

In various parts of the world—of which Mexico is one example— archaeology has been not only an academic discipline but has followed other motivations and goals, some valid and others more disputable: formation of a nationality, a need to know ancient roots, importance of a distinct art for understanding past societies or simply the promotion of tourism by attracting people to visit recently-excavated monuments or those that are already famous. In this paper, I intend to present the case of Mexico.

En este breve comentario discuto algunos aspectos de la interpretación de la epistemología de Davidson que sugiere Willian Duica en su reciente libro. Luego de una presentación somera del libro me centro en tres asuntos centrales de la interpretación de Duica. En primer lugar, argumento que su lectura de la crítica de Davidson al dualismo esquema/contenido es muy restrictiva y deja abierta la posibilidad de un realismo directo empirista. En segundo lugar, argumento que en su lectura el propio Duica se (...) compromete inadvertidamente con un empirismo de este tipo y, de este modo, su interpretación entra en tensión con el coherentismo de Davidson. Finalmente, discuto algunos aspectos de la interpretación que hace Duica de la tesis davidsoniana de la triangulación. In this short comment I discuss some aspects of William Duica's interpretation of Davidson's epistemology in a recent book. After a brief review of the book, I focus on three central issues of Duica's interpretation. First, I argue that his reading of Davidson's criticism of the scheme/content dualism is too restrictive and leaves open the possibility of an empiricist direct realism. Second, I argue in his reading Duica inadvertently commits himself to an empiricism of this sort and, as a result, his interpretation is in tension with Davidson's own coherentism. Finally, I discuss some aspects of Duica's interpretation of Davidsonian triangulation. (shrink)

Responses to outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics involves a heterogeneous set of activities that aim to address threats to public health. In addition to research, non-research activities, such as prevention and control interventions, and surveillance, are conducted. The boundaries between research and non-research responses can rapidly blur during a public health emergency such as the COVID-19 pandemic. There may be common elements between these types of activities, and they may draw on the same resources and infrastructure. Non-research activities, such as surveillance (...) and emergency non-research use of unproven interventions, and research activities must all be undertaken in an ethical manner as components of emergency response. However, care is needed to distinguish between non-research public health activities and research, because research often has considerations and requirements for its ethical conduct which are distinct from non-research public health activities. Research aims to produce generalizable knowledge, and mechanisms such as participant consent and independent ethics review aim to ensure that the rights and interests of research participants are respected. Ensuring that research and non-research activities are appropriately distinguished can additionally promote proper coordination of such activities, and increase trust and social accountability in pandemic responses. Consequently, it is important to distinguish between these different activities on the basis of their primary aim, and to consider whether their implementation is justifiable, based on their aims and the relevant ethical framework for each type of activity, and how they are coordinated as part of the larger collective activity of emergency response and management. Complex questions arise about how the different stakeholders involved in decision-making should make valid and justifiable decisions about whether the response activity is research or non-research. The cases in this chapter invite consideration about how such decisions should be made, and their implications, in the context of applications to conduct retrospective research into the outcomes of emergency uses of unproven interventions outside clinical trials, and of characterising antibody-testing initiatives and systematic data collection activities as surveillance or research. (shrink)

The hypothesis that terrorism often emerges when mass collective action declines and radicals take up arms to compensate for the weakness of a mass movement has been around for some time; however, it has never been tested systematically. In this article the authors investigate the relationship between terrorist violence and mass protest in the context of the Spanish transition to democracy. This period is known for its pacts and negotiations between political elites, but in fact, it was accompanied by high (...) levels of terrorist violence and popular mobilization. To test the hypothesis, the authors have created two data sets, one on victims of terrorism and another on participation in demonstrations. The data clearly confirm that terrorism erupted in Spain when participation in demonstrations started to decline. This result sheds new light on the nonstructural conditions associated with the onset of terrorist violence. (shrink)

El siguiente trabajo analiza las acciones artísticas ligadas al Colectivo Escena Política que tuvieron lugar en la ciudad de Buenos Aires entre 2013 y 2016. Daremos cuenta de tres formas específicas de intervención artístico-política en el espacio público. La primera relacionada con una denuncia de la explotación laboral de los artistas escénicos en la ciudad. La segunda vinculada a prácticas micropolíticas que denominamos activismo de lo sensible. Y la tercera, relacionada con la lucha llevada adelante por la Asamblea Lopérfido Renunciá (...) Ya, en conjunto con organismos de derechos humanos. En última instancia, el artículo propone que la eficacia política del activismo artístico depende de su articulación sincrónica con las diversas luchas que atraviesan el entramado social. (shrink)

We present a formal analysis of Douglas Hofstadter’s concept of superrationality. We start by defining superrationally justifiable actions, and study them in symmetric games. We then model the beliefs of the players, in a way that leads them to different choices than the usual assumption of rationality by restricting the range of conceivable choices. These beliefs are captured in the formal notion of type drawn from epistemic game theory. The theory of coalgebras is used to frame type spaces and to (...) account for the existence of some of them. We find conditions that guarantee superrational outcomes. (shrink)

Nesta investigação pretendemos captar o papel que a pregação cristã desempenhou, ao longo do período da patrística, na difusão do Evangelho. Na continuidade da evangelização levada a cabo pelos Apóstolos, os Padres da Igreja assumiram a herança do imperativo missionário, dado por Cristo: o catecumenato se cristaliza como instituição eclesial na Igreja do séc. III (_Katecumenoi_ no oriente, e _audientes_ no ocidente), mas recebe a herança de um processo de evangelização cujas raízes se estendem não só à missão levada a (...) cabo pelos próprios Apóstolos, mas também à missão evangelizadora do próprio Jesus. Por tudo isso, nos primeiros séculos, não podemos dissociar os conceitos de pregação e de educação. Centraremos a nossa atenção na figura de Santo Agostinho, salientando, por um lado, o seu contributo no lançamento dos alicerces teóricos e práticos da oratória sagrada, enquanto pastor e educador. A sua vida, a pregação, os seus escritos fizeram de Santo Agostinho o educador do ocidente, cuja matriz marcará definitivamente o futuro do cristianismo. (shrink)

El presente estudio analiza algunos aspectos del concepto de tecnh en la filosofía de Platón, así como el intento, siguiendo los pasos de su maestro, de encontrar un tipo de conducta que posea las mismas características que las artes y ciencias, es decir, basado en principios racionales capaces de proporcionar fiabilidad y precisión a nuestras acciones. Los sofistas se preciaban de enseñar una ciencia política que, en opinión de Platón, es propiedad exclusiva del filósofo que conoce las Formas inteligibles y (...) se sirve del cálculo y la medida, componentes indispensables de toda vida buena y feliz. (shrink)

Se muestra cómo K. Marx establece en el marxismo y en la filosofía política en general una ambivalencia constitutiva entre la crítica y la imaginación política, pues desarrolla un realismo político que derrumba los artificios del idealismo al denunciar los intereses dominantes que lo sostienen, y que constituye una nueva figura del presente. En El Capital y en los Grundrisse lleva a cabo un desmontaje de las apariencias del mundo de las mercancías, y al mismo tiempo indica cómo los montajes (...) colectivos constituyen la manera en que la realidad y la praxis proletaria no pueden dejar de aparecer. The article shows how K. Marx stablishes a constitutive ambivalence between critique and political imagination in Marxism and in political philosophy in general, for he develops a political realism which overthrows idealism's artifices as he denounces the dominant interests which support it. In this way, he reveals a new figure from the present. In Capital and the Grundrisse, he carries out a disassembly of the world of merchandises' appearances and at the same time, he points out how the collective assemblies constitute the way in which reality and proletarian praxis can not stop appearing. This constitutes a big problem which is waiting to be resolved by political theory an practice. (shrink)

Es wird versucht, die Camapsche Definitions- und Begriffslehre darzustellen, die er bei der Entwicklung seiner Konstitutionstheorie aufstellte. Camap unterscheidet zwei Hauptteile der Definitions- und Begriffslehre: den Abschnitt, der zum Konstitutionssystem gehört, und den Abschnitt, der nicht dazu gehört. Die Definitionslehre besteht wiederum aus zwei zentralen Definitionsarten: der Strukturbeschreibung, mit der das Konstitutionssystem aufgebaut wird, und der impliziten Definition, die außerhalb des Konstitutionssystems steht. Auch die Begriffslehre läßt sich in zwei Hauptgruppen unterteilen: in die eigentlichen Begriffe, die die Begriffe des Konstitutionssystems (...) bilden, und in die uneigentlichen, die nicht zum Konstitutionssystem gehören. (shrink)

Leading scholars in the field of religious studies show that scholasticism as a comparative category is useful in the analysis of a variety of religious and philosophical traditions and even in the task of cultural criticism.

Es wird versucht, die Camapsche Definitions- und Begriffslehre darzustellen, die er bei der Entwicklung seiner Konstitutionstheorie aufstellte. Camap unterscheidet zwei Hauptteile der Definitions- und Begriffslehre: den Abschnitt, der zum Konstitutionssystem gehört, und den Abschnitt, der nicht dazu gehört. Die Definitionslehre besteht wiederum aus zwei zentralen Definitionsarten: der Strukturbeschreibung, mit der das Konstitutionssystem aufgebaut wird, und der impliziten Definition, die außerhalb des Konstitutionssystems steht. Auch die Begriffslehre läßt sich in zwei Hauptgruppen unterteilen: in die eigentlichen Begriffe, die die Begriffe des Konstitutionssystems (...) bilden, und in die uneigentlichen, die nicht zum Konstitutionssystem gehören. (shrink)

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis generates a series of ethical and legal questions: Which goals does it pursue? Does it protect the embryo? Should this technique be regulated by the legal system? And if so, which is the incumbent criteria? This research describes the limits that some international laws regulating this technique have considered. Additionally, a series of judgments about the legal problems that have occurred with the application of this technique will be analyzed, among them, the misdiagnosis.

El presente estudio propone un enfoque crítico de la cuestión del mal y del sufrimiento humano. En el marco del pensamiento ético de Levinas y desde una nueva perspectiva respecto de la concepción actual del lenguaje y del cuerpo, pretendemos cuestionar todas las formas de racionalismo y comprensión metafísica acerca del dolor y del sufrimiento humano. El propósito del presente estudio consiste en delinear una nueva forma de comportamiento en torno a la cuestión del mal y la debilidad humana, buscando (...) alternativas conceptuales para esclarecer este complejo problema ético. (shrink)

Resumen El artículo expone la noción de temporalidad discontinua implícita formalmente en la fenomenología de la conciencia interna del tiempo de Husserl y las correspondencias equivalentes que se encuentran en una lectura atenta de la obra de Marcel Proust. Para eso se reconstruye la peculiar noción de tiempo implícita en la obra de ambos autores mostrando el sentido diferencial y discontinuo que la misma reviste. A partir de dicha reconstrucción se desarrollan las implicaciones críticas que la misma acarrea respecto de (...) las concepciones tradicionales de memoria, subjetividad y corporalidad. Finalmente se hacen algunas consideraciones respecto de las influencias recíprocas entre filosofía y arte.The article exposes the notion of a discontinuous temporality formally implied in Husserl's phenomenology of internal time consciousness and its corresponding equivalencies found in an attentive reading of the work of Marcel Proust. To this end, the peculiar notion of time implicit in the work of both authors is reconstructed showing the differential and discontinuous sense that this notion has. It is developed the critical implications that this reconstruction carries with it regarding the traditional conceptions of memory, subjectivity and corporeality. Finally, some considerations are made regarding the reciprocal influences between philosophy and art. (shrink)

Esta investigación ofrece un esbozo de una forma alternativa de concebir la categoría clásica de la subjetividad que subyace al concepto de objeción de conciencia y de desobediencia civil. La mayoría de los puntos de vista habituales sobre este tema se centran en el individuo y sus derechos. Demostrando que este enfoque es insuficiente y, por lo tanto, insatisfactorio, esta investigación destaca la importancia de conceptualizar de nuevo la categoría de subjetividad, lo que a su vez hará posible una nueva (...) forma de conceptualizar la noción de objeción de conciencia, es decir, pensar en ella no más como un derecho individual, sino como un deber de responsabilidad social. Para la explicitación de este enfoque alternativo, esta investigación se basa principalmente en la obra de Emmanuel Levinas, quien centra todas sus reflexiones filosóficas en la perspectiva del otro. (shrink)

This essay explores the contact between the Italian and Argentine cultures during the period of mass immigration by pointing out and commenting on a series of translations and artistic creations made by Italian artists in Buenos Aires: musical, literary, theatrical and pictorial works. In order to understand how the semiotic frontier was composed, we approached the question from a methodology that arises at the intersection of the phenomenon of translation and the semiotic theory of cultural interaction. Thinking about translation in (...) this way highlights its sociological dimension given the links that the source-text establishes with the programs of certain trends in the organization of a culture. The methodology consists on the description of the semiotic frontier showing which texts are of interest to whom and for what. In this way, we seek to understand how a certain tendency was positioned in relation to the project of sustaining italianità in Buenos Aires at the end of the 19th Century. The path proposed shows the frontier between the Italian and Argentine cultures as a bilingual mechanism of mediation from which a cultural group of immigrants developed actions to propose the textual and metatextual guidelines of c. (shrink)

La vida de cada cual es contingente, pero es una contingencia necesaria para una porción de vidas; aunque me atrevo a decir, incluso, que así es para la creación en continuidad. Creo que nosotros tenemos misión. La misión implica que aquello que no haga alguien quedará sin hacerse tal y como lo podría hacer esa persona. En otras palabras, la misión de cada cual, como la propia vida, exige y es disyunción,―o esto o aquello, así o de otro modo. Y (...) si tenemos en cuenta, que la realidad es sistemática, y que un sistema es orden de los elementos que se ve afectado por entero en caso de que suceda algo a alguno de los que lo componen, entonces para estar viviendo tal y como vivimos se nos revelan los otros como contingencias necesarias, imprescindibles. Bien podría hacer una aproximación a Pablo Posada desde la razón vital y algo habrá de ello a lo largo de estos párrafos, pero eso es una tarea prematura, como su muerte. (shrink)

There is no consensus in the literature about the nature of terrorism. The authors’ main claim is that this is ultimately the result of the coexistence of two senses of the term, the action and the actor sense, which are not fully congruent. Rather than trying to advocate a specific conceptualization, the authors provide in this article a map of the different ways in which scholars talk about terrorism. They identify first the set of terrorist actions and the set of (...) terrorist actors. Terrorist tactics are a variety of the power to hurt, based on the lack of military power. Terrorist groups are underground ones with no territorial control. When the two criteria meet, the core of terrorism exists: coercive violence perpetrated by underground groups. The ambiguity that surrounds terrorism is caused by two other possibilities: actors with some measure of territorial control adopting coercive tactics and underground actors adopting military tactics. Although it is not possible to remove this ambiguity in empirical research, scholars can at least identify it and analyze it. The authors illustrate the two senses of terrorism and their interaction by using the most comprehensive dataset on terrorist incidents, the Global Terrorism Database. (shrink)

Lukacs participation in the establishment and running of the Theater Company Thalia will reflect on his reflection on the modern drama in his first book (History of the evolution of modern drama". Our study is based on the correspondence between Lukacs and his companions and analysis of the early writings of Lukács, usually in Hungarian.